Prospectus

Common moves in research article introductions:
John Swales, Research into the structure of introductions to journal articles and its application to the teaching of academic writing.

Move 1: Announce the topic--in present tense
Move 2: summarize previous knowledge and research--literature review; support, verifying
Move 3: prepare for research by indicating a gap in previous research and/or by raising a question about previous work
Move 4: Introduce the present research by stating the purpose and/ by outlining the research
Creating a research base. Methods and results are framed in the past

Objectives and Criteria
Show own awareness of topic and audience' criteria in judging the article successful.

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Latour gives us the epistemology that makes us aware of practice. It assumes that knowledge is a social construction. So Latour looks at strategies of academic writing (25). The literature I site transforms the knowledge. You can identify controversial points by modality/style/structure. Who you site becomes very important...(33) Latour calls stacking use of former texts

Gross: The arrangement of the scientific paper
the scientific paper is itself an object. It's epistemological.
Gross claims that the arrangement of the scientific paper is a realization of the principles of Baconian induction. What is typification in science? What is the arrangement or the order of sections in the scientific paper. The Baconian principles record the series of steps taken ---Baconian induction "from contingency to natural necessity" ().
The order tells the story of how the findings came to be.
Induction regarded as foolproof.
The myth of causality is problematic...we don't always know why things happen...we can only infer cause most of the time. Gross references the IMRD form first conceptualized by P.D. Medawar (1964) a form which mirrors and substantiates the inductive method. The various sections are framing sections (intro and discussion) but the methods section is all induction.

Fayerabend talks about the context of discovery (what scientists do to get published. They reconceptualize the whole process to accomodate "rational reconstruction") and the context of justification (the methods, the rationale,

Look at sample IMRD: treatment of

An introduction to reasoning
Toulmin objects to science being seen as informal logic. He suggests a different way of thinking about logic in science and in other fields.
What's written is what gets tested--the falsifiability statements that Popper wrote about.
1. Claims
2. Grounds--results section
3. Warrants--prejudices, issues and perspectives. hard to find in science because they are tacit... can take the form of laws of nature, mathematical formulas, legal principles, rules of thumb, etc
Focus: how do you get from this starting pint to that destination?
4. Backing--the generalization make explicit the body of experience or knowldge necessary to support warrants...to establish trustworthiness of the ways of arguing a particular case. Solegal statutes must be validly legislated

Backing-->Warrants-->claims--rebuttals are answers to anticipated arguments to fend off attacks on assertions, methodology, etcl