Oct 21

Aristotle uses Plato's notion of dialectic to understand emotions and how they could be incited to move an orator one way or another.

Aristotle's attempt as opposed to Plato's "mathematics" to apply similarity to changing objects. Socrates not interested in mathematics but rather to see from observations coming up with proper definitions. Aristotle's Principles that govern conduct----functional matter theory: genus vs differentiae --definitions are really arguments and they are based on induction and ultimately comparison. On emotions, Aristotle indicates that emotions proceed by induction followed by deduction...
Aristotle a veteran taxonomer so his is the first rational treatment of emotion. Compared to Darwin, Aristotle's approach is different as it reflects the difference between classical scinence and Newtonian science. Gillispies observes that Aristotle perceived from experience
Induction presumes hypothesis, which is an irony of induction. The truth is we always frame things even when we presume to be professional.



How useful is Darwin as a rhetorician?
pg. 261 about why someone who is guilty avoids looking at the accuser...Darwin uses rhetoric to inscribe nature
Darwin succeeds in creating waves with his Origin because he uses every form of evidence at his disposal: he observes, argues, compares, infers and describes the results of experiments he has read about, or in many cases, personally conducted. He expounds natural selection along with ideas such as sexual selection that males in many species are burdened with showy ornaments like enormous tails because the females of their species have, by repeatedly picking the showiest males as their mates, caused them to evolve them that way (NYTimes).

Newtonian Darwin

The Epistemic Music of Rhetoric: Toward the Temporal Dimension of Affect in Reader Response and Writing

Predicated on Steven Katz belief that music is all around us. It is in the rhythm and tones of the texts we read, write, and see everyday. How can we be aurally sensitive so we can gain knowledge that the experience of the music we hear conveys? Sophism and orality. Rhetoric focuses particularly on the use of language in specific texts; on the form as much as the content of an utterance. It is not only a method for training effective communicators (rhetors); Katz examines rhetoric as a method for understanding on a theoretical as well as a practical level how humans use language (as in the language of music) to alter or shape our understanding of reality.

Visual, and logocentric? Isn't that a contradiction?
Also we rely on visually-based metaphors to shape our knowledge. So we need a set of metaphors based on aural and temporal experience as championed by the ancients sophists, Isocrates, and Cicero--early sophists as intellectuals in an oral culture as they believed in the ability of language to constitute and communicate knowledge
Plato is seen as a transitional figure to a more literate culture
Gorgias linked language with thought
Isocrates--a sophist; put writing in the service of orality through use of a style attuned to aural effects

Uses a classical rhetorical approach and an aural approach to critique Reader Response Criticism. So it is the philosophy of language, and music theory. Simultaneously, he assesses the scientific empiricism and technological rationalism that control the parameters of reading and writing theory, research, and pedagogy. In doing so, Katz examines the possibility and desirability of teaching reading and writing as "rhetorical music" to supplement the formalistic, logocentric imperatives that underlie current methods of reading and writing instruction. This book will interest not only theorists and teachers in rhetoric, composition, and literature but also scholars and teachers of oral interpretation, literature and science, a
It is said that Isocrates admitted to a lack of the vigor for public performance; how was he able to excel in orality and aural
Cicero capitalized in the Roman conception of the orator and oratory--to him style is epistemic
Eloquence is seen in the uniting of philosophy and rhetoric? form and content together conveys full knowledge -- both rational (via content) and affective (via style). Cicero in his De Oratore excels in the sophistic tradition of equating language with thought and experience while considering sensory perception of the world imprecise.

Chapter 2 documents a parallel development in literary criticism and science
Chapter 3 turns back to classical rhetoric to find precedents and models for dealing with affective response
Chapter 4 shifts to the theory and study of language as a musical experience

The postscript: examines the potential pedagogical take--how to teach epistemological uncertainty, performance, and emotion as a vehicle of meaning

The role of emotions and affectation on texts....contains expectations, etc, making knowledge acquisition more subjective than objective.
Music creates affect without have a referential aspect to it...



Techne: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/science/21wormgrunting.html?ref=science
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/science/21arch.html?ref=science

The Topics: Discovery of arguments, P. J. Corbett--Darwin, the Origin of Species

Analogy produces probable truth. Analogy argues that if two things are alike in one of two characteristics, they are probably alike in another characteristic. This argument is similar to Campbell's notion of Vera causa logic pg 363 which means in harmony with other causes already known. Vera causa treats things that are the same the same way. It does not work where there are distinctions.

For Aristotle, rhetoric concerned probable knowledge, which includes dialectic. In classifying, he was very much the scientist. But when he comes to the Topics, his social constructionism comes through.


The Topoi, Corbett makes a neo-Aristotelian stance, to result in a contemporary compilation of Aristotle's take presented randomly withing the context of an ongoing discussion.
Useful for seeing through a terministic screen the way scientists argue along with Latour, Toulmin, etc. Corbett's is a very "classical" take.
Bitzer's argument of exigence is mechanical rather than causal (side note).

Vera causa--Darwin uses causality based on observation

A versa causa argument, which means true cause, is a direct response to the .....To work, with vera causa, one has to establish the existence of a potentially causal process then demonstrate that the process is competent to explain the phenomenon of interest and that the process is inf act possible.

Darwin wanted to build the argument that would be acceptable to the audience first before making declarative statements.
Topoi in the Origin of the Species: the use of precedents..where accepted facts exist--law

Darwin's vera causa argument:
1. ability of new conditions to cause heredity variants in domestic species
2. the struggle for existence entails that just such a selective breeding exists
3. natural selection has longer to work and is more discriminating than artificial selection, so
4. the extant and extinct species could have originated as races produced by natural selection. Thus species probably did originate as varieties or races produced by natural selection.

Darwin's is a muted revolution in Biology

Darwin makes the case for the scientific method that of the hypothetico-deductive from which you deduce the truth. You use selective induction, find what you want to support the hypothesis--the myth of induction. Induction is based on analogy (Corbett, Campell)and analogy is the weakest form of argument. It is weak because it draws a probable conclusion from one form of similarity--if two things are similar, induction brings them together, classifies them, and then draws conclusion...it's circular reasoning, paralogical


Aristotle on Emotions

Rhetors need to understad the role of character and emotion in persuasion.
Aristotle's concern for rhetoric provided with the opportunity to develop a discussion on emotions. This is because judgment is the object of rhetoric and judgements vary with emotions.

Emotions are the things on account of which the ones altered differ with respect to
their judgments, and are accompanied by pleasure and pain: such are anger, pity,
fear, and all similar emotions and their contraries. (Rhetoric 1378a20-23)

Emotions are temporary states, says Aristotle, but they affect judgement. They are an example of external causality.
Logos-->Pathos-->Ethos-->

It's all about how to use emotions in rhetoric...emotions are multi-dimensional (Steve Katz).

Darwin on Emotions
According to Darwin, emotion generates emotion, which is manifested in three forms:

• certain expressions spring from habit
• certain expressions go to their natural opposite when the emotion is reversed
• emotions are a response of the nervous system

Begin by defintion

Prospectus

Common moves in research article introductions:
John Swales, Research into the structure of introductions to journal articles and its application to the teaching of academic writing.

Move 1: Announce the topic--in present tense
Move 2: summarize previous knowledge and research--literature review; support, verifying
Move 3: prepare for research by indicating a gap in previous research and/or by raising a question about previous work
Move 4: Introduce the present research by stating the purpose and/ by outlining the research
Creating a research base. Methods and results are framed in the past

Objectives and Criteria
Show own awareness of topic and audience' criteria in judging the article successful.

p45



Latour gives us the epistemology that makes us aware of practice. It assumes that knowledge is a social construction. So Latour looks at strategies of academic writing (25). The literature I site transforms the knowledge. You can identify controversial points by modality/style/structure. Who you site becomes very important...(33) Latour calls stacking use of former texts

Gross: The arrangement of the scientific paper
the scientific paper is itself an object. It's epistemological.
Gross claims that the arrangement of the scientific paper is a realization of the principles of Baconian induction. What is typification in science? What is the arrangement or the order of sections in the scientific paper. The Baconian principles record the series of steps taken ---Baconian induction "from contingency to natural necessity" ().
The order tells the story of how the findings came to be.
Induction regarded as foolproof.
The myth of causality is problematic...we don't always know why things happen...we can only infer cause most of the time. Gross references the IMRD form first conceptualized by P.D. Medawar (1964) a form which mirrors and substantiates the inductive method. The various sections are framing sections (intro and discussion) but the methods section is all induction.

Fayerabend talks about the context of discovery (what scientists do to get published. They reconceptualize the whole process to accomodate "rational reconstruction") and the context of justification (the methods, the rationale,

Look at sample IMRD: treatment of

An introduction to reasoning
Toulmin objects to science being seen as informal logic. He suggests a different way of thinking about logic in science and in other fields.
What's written is what gets tested--the falsifiability statements that Popper wrote about.
1. Claims
2. Grounds--results section
3. Warrants--prejudices, issues and perspectives. hard to find in science because they are tacit... can take the form of laws of nature, mathematical formulas, legal principles, rules of thumb, etc
Focus: how do you get from this starting pint to that destination?
4. Backing--the generalization make explicit the body of experience or knowldge necessary to support warrants...to establish trustworthiness of the ways of arguing a particular case. Solegal statutes must be validly legislated

Backing-->Warrants-->claims--rebuttals are answers to anticipated arguments to fend off attacks on assertions, methodology, etcl